The Use and Misuse of Chi-Square: Lewis and Burke Revisited
نویسنده
چکیده
The proper use of Karl Pearson's chi-square for the analysis of contingency tables is reviewed. The 1949 article by Lewis and Burke, who cited nine sources of error in the use of chi-square, is updated. Research on the application of the chi-square statistic is examined and supplementary and alternative approaches are discussed. Emphasis is placed on techniques that are of use to the practicing researcher who often deals with qualitative ordered and unordered data.
منابع مشابه
Substance Misuse Patterns and Blood Types of Self-Introduced Addicts to Substance Rehabilitation Centers of Bam City
Background: With regard to the perceptible population, cultural, social and environmental changes in the aftermath of the earthquake in Bam City, this study was conducted to pinpoint substance misuse patterns and to figure out the probable relationship between substance misuse and blood types of the addicts referred to Substance rehabilitation Clinics from 2006 to 2007 in Bam City. Methods: In ...
متن کاملMetacognitive Listening Strategy Use Revisited in the Light of Learners' Emotional Intelligence
The current study was after probing the would-be correlation between emotional intelligence (and its subcomponents), on the one hand, and metacognitive listening strategies used by academic EFL learners, on the other. Benefiting from 72 female and 40 male university students from Urmia University, Urmia Azad University and Salams Azad University, the current study also strived to find the possi...
متن کاملInduction of secondary axis in hydra revisited: New insights into pattern formation
In 1909, several years before the famous `Organizer’ experiments of Spemann and Mangold, Ethel Browne demonstrated induction of a secondary axis in hydra by grafting a hypostome. Based on this and subsequent work, in the late sixties, Lewis Wolpert proposed the theory of morphogen gradients and positional information. We have studied secondary axis induction by hypostome and foot tissue using t...
متن کاملLexical and Grammatical Collocations in Writing Production of EFL Learners
Lewis (1993) recognized significance of word combinations including collocations by presenting lexical approach. Because of the crucial role of collocation in vocabulary acquisition, this research set out to evaluate the rate of collocations in Iranian EFL learners' writing production across L1 and L2. In addition, L1 interference with L2 collocational use in the learner' writing samples was st...
متن کاملAnalysis of anabolic androgenic steroid use among male and female body builders of Torbat Heydariyeh in 2018
Background & Aim: The abuse of anabolic steroid is known as a major problem in many sport fields especially body building. On the other hands, anabolic steroids misuse might lead to serious and sometimes life-threatening health problems such as kidney, liver damage and cardiovascular disease. This study was performed to survey the analysis of anabolic steroids consumption among male and female ...
متن کامل